總是聽(tīng)到“概括大意(main idea)”。而且基本“套路”就是那幾句話：段首段尾句、文章開(kāi)頭和標(biāo)題。

可是為什么我總是找不到?總是會(huì)找錯(cuò)?

為什么我覺(jué)得自己選的沒(méi)錯(cuò)，老師卻說(shuō)我做的不對(duì)?

如何防止概括時(shí)出現(xiàn)這三種錯(cuò)誤?

跑不到：概括不全;

跑過(guò)了：過(guò)于籠統(tǒng);

跑偏了：題不對(duì)文。

下面五條建議，不僅僅是“干貨”。

Read the first and last sentences of the paragraph (or the first and last paragraphs of the article). Authors often state the main idea near the beginning or end of a paragraph. Look for a sentence that states the main idea. This is the stated main idea or topic sentence.

段落的第一句、或者最后一句;如果是整篇文章，則看第一段或者最后一段。其實(shí)文章如果有配圖或者小標(biāo)題的情況下，就更好找了。

Pay attention to any idea that is repeated in different ways. If an author returns to the same thought in several different sentences (or paragraphs), that idea is the main or central thought under discussion.

閱讀測(cè)試那種“四選一”的題目，如果只有一個(gè)選項(xiàng)在句子中能找到完全一樣的原話，那么——呵呵你想多了，這不能說(shuō)明什么!

正確的做法，還是內(nèi)容：作者是否多次、用不同的句子、表達(dá)了同一個(gè)思想主題，而且還是在文章的不同位置，那基本就是他/她想告訴你的主旨。

Look for reversal transitions at the beginning of sentences. These signal that the author is going to modify the previous idea. When a reversal transition opens the second sentence of aparagraph, there’s a good chance that the second sentence is the topic sentence and a stated main idea. Some samples of reversal transitions:

作者常常在文章開(kāi)始，來(lái)個(gè)“先抑后揚(yáng)”、先說(shuō)普遍再說(shuō)特殊，這時(shí)，句群會(huì)出現(xiàn)一種反轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)系，那么這些反轉(zhuǎn)關(guān)系的標(biāo)記詞很重要，因?yàn)樵谄浜螅莻€(gè)句子很可能就是本文或本段的主旨了。

這些詞語(yǔ)包括：

But

Nevertheless

Still

Conversely

Nonetheless

Unfortunately

Evenso

On the contrary

Whenin fact

However

Onthe other hand

Yet

Incontrast

Regardless

At times the main idea will not be stated directly. This is called an implied main idea. Read all of the specific statements, not just the ones that open the paragraphs. Think of ageneral statement that could sum up the specifics as effectively as any stated topic sentence. As there will not be a topic sentence, you will have to write one.The main idea you write must be a complete sentence that contains a subject and a verb and expresses a complete thought.

更多時(shí)候，作者不會(huì)很明確地說(shuō)出主旨，而是“暗示”。那么就需要認(rèn)真讀第一段所有句子，試著用自己的話把它寫出來(lái)。這個(gè)句子必須是完整的、包括主語(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的句子。

之前我們一直強(qiáng)調(diào)“三字經(jīng)”，即用“一句話、三元素”來(lái)概括段落或整篇文章：(1)誰(shuí)：文章講的是何人、何物?(2)做什么：這個(gè)人、物做了什么?(3)怎么做：是怎么做的?這樣可以防止概括過(guò)于籠統(tǒng)、或過(guò)于具體。

Once you feel sure that you have found the main idea, test it. Ask yourself if the sentence could act as a summary of the other sentences in the paragraph. Do the examples, reasons, and facts included in the reading explain or give evidence supporting the main idea you have in mind? If they do, then you are right on target. If they don’t, you may want to revise your main idea.

一旦你寫出了、或者選出了那個(gè)main idea的句子，要試著“證明”一下：文章中的例子、事實(shí)、原因……是否能共同指向你這個(gè)主旨句，即：都在證明、或者解釋它。

一般我們?nèi)菀追傅腻e(cuò)誤就是這個(gè)主旨句太“寬”或太“窄”。太寬，就是說(shuō)它可能涵蓋了很多本文并沒(méi)有涉及的細(xì)節(jié)，那么它就可能off the point(跑題);太窄，則是它僅僅涵蓋到文中部分細(xì)節(jié)。所以心里要始終問(wèn)這個(gè)問(wèn)題：What do all major details share in common?

總結(jié)一下：以下位置可能提示主旨：

文中直接呈現(xiàn)為標(biāo)題、首尾句;

用不同的句子表達(dá)相同的主題;

轉(zhuǎn)折詞(如but)后面的句子;

用“主謂狀”一句話，說(shuō)出文中所有事實(shí)、細(xì)節(jié)、原因等的共性。