首先講講長難句幾個拆分信號及拆分方法：

  一、考研英語長難句拆分信號：

  1、標點符號：比如，2個逗號形成插入語，破折號表示解釋說明，分號相當于“and”表示并列;

  2、連詞：并列句的并列連詞and、or、but、yet、for等，從句的從屬連詞which、that、when、how、if等;

  3、介詞：介詞引導介詞短語，介詞短語在句子中可充當定語、狀語等修飾成分;

  4、不定式符號to：不定式符號to引導不定式短語，在句子中除了可以充當主語、賓語、表語、補語等主干成分外，還可做定語、狀語等修飾成分;

  5、分詞：分詞包括現在分詞和過去分詞，在句子中可充當定語和狀語修飾成分。

  下面我們就按照長難句拆分原則，依照這些拆分信號，結合考研英語閱讀或翻譯真題中的長難句進行實戰演練一下吧！

  1、{C}This trend began during the Second World War, when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail.

  （1）句子拆分

  拆分點：從屬連詞、介詞、標點符號

  This trend began∥during the Second World War,∥when several governments came to the conclusion∥that the specific demands∥that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen∥in detail.

  （2）句子結構

  ①找謂語動詞(began, came, wants, cannot be foreseen);

  ②找連詞(when, that, that)

  ③前面沒有從屬連詞的動詞即為主句的謂語動詞

  ④確定主從句：

  主句：This trend began during the Second World War;

  從句：定語從句when several governments came to the conclusion修飾the Second World War，本從句嵌套著一個二級從句即同位語從句that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail修飾conclusion和一個三級從句that引導的定語從句that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。

  （3）解析

  during the Second World War介詞短語做狀語；

  when several governments came to the conclusion that the specific demands that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment cannot generally be foreseen in detail做定語修飾the Second World War;

  that the specific demands cannot generally be foreseen in detail同位語從句修飾conclusion;

  that a government wants to make of its scientific establishment修飾demands。

  (4)本句的參考譯文

  這種趨勢始于第二次世界大戰期間，當時一些國家的政府得出結論：政府向科研機構提出的要求通常是無法詳盡預見的。

  其次，總結了幾類長難句總結及介紹：

  一、大段的插入與或同位語

  對于有很長插入語的句子，其實是假老虎，本質上是不難理解的，只不過學生很難把主謂的關系聯系起來，在閱讀的時候我們要先把句子主干找出來，先不用管插入語的，先從整體上去理解，然后在其基礎上再把插入語給充實進去。

  例：The Internet -- and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it -- is making access to scientific results a reality.

  分析：在瀏覽該句時，發現句子中出現了雙破折號，其中間的內容and pressure from funding agencies, who are questioning why commercial publishers are making money from government-funded research by restricting access to it為插入語，瀏覽的時候先跳過。這樣就可以看到把主干The Internet is making access to scientific results a reality理解了。然后再把具體插入語給填充進去就可以了。

  譯文：網絡和一些贊助機構正在施壓，他們質疑為什么商業出版商通過限制人們的使用來從政府資助的科學研究中獲利，這使得科研果的擁有權(不被盜用)變為現實

  二、語序調整或倒裝

  在英語中通常會有倒裝，主要分兩種一種是語法要求必須要倒裝，比如：以here , there ,then , now , next引出的倒裝句;以表地點的介詞短語引出的倒裝句;以表示方位的副詞引出的倒裝句;否定詞或具有否定意義的詞及詞組用在句首;only置于句首;as / though引導讓步狀語從句;在虛擬條件句中，連詞if省略時，即將were , had , should等詞提到句首。第二種是人為的倒裝，為了平衡句子的結構或強調一些內容，會對句子進行句序調整。這樣就加大了理解難度，同學們在做題時要注意按照正確的順序進行翻譯。

  例：Odd though it sounds, cosmic inflation is a scientifically plausible consequence of some respected ideas in elementary-particle physics, and many astrophysicists have been convinced for the better part of a decade that it is true.

  分析：原文中Odd though it sounds,此分句為倒裝句，是作者為了強調“奇怪”這個現象，特意把odd移到前面，構成了表語結構的提前。在翻譯的時候要按照正常的順序進行調整。

  譯文：盡管它聽起來很奇怪，宇宙膨脹說是在基礎粒子物理學中的一些公認的觀點在科學上貌似可信的推論，并且很多天體物理學家在近十年中已經相信這種理論是真實的。

  三、修飾成分復雜

  句子本不難，但是修飾成分多且長。從句(定語、狀語、同位語從句等)修飾;介詞短語修飾;不定式修飾。經常是在同一個句子里既有從句又有介詞短語，且都不止一個。對于這種長難句，同學們一定要注意抓住句子主干，先把主干給梳理清楚了，在此基礎上再進行添枝加葉，這樣才能知道這句話在說什么內容。

  例：As a discovery claim works its way through the community, the interaction and confrontation between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved transforms an individual’s discovery claim into the community’s credible discovery.

  分析：主語是the interaction and confrontation，謂語是transforms，伴隨狀語為As a discovery claim works its way through the community,定語為between shared and competing beliefs about the science and the technology involved，修飾主語the interaction and confrontation

  譯文：隨著發現聲明通過科學界起作用，科學和技術涉及到的共有的互動和沖突把個人的發現聲明轉化為科學界可信的發現。